Biological control of fusarium wilt of tomatoes. Results from experiments in a commercial greenhouse. Lutte biologique contre la fusariose vasculaire de la tomate. Resultats en serre de production

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Couteaudier, Yvonne | Letard, M. | Alabouvette, Claude, C. | Louvet, J.

Edité par CCSD ; EDP Sciences -

National audience. Studies of the Fusarium wilt suppressiveness of the soil from Châteaurenard indicated 2 different approaches for controlling Fusarium wilts by biological procedures. Having obtained satisfactory data under experimental conditions, these procedures were tested in a commercial greenhouse where the soil was heavily infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The first method was based on the transfer of the suppressiveness from a pathogen-free suppressive soil to the infested soil previously steam-treated. The pathogen-free suppressive soil was obtained by incorporating into the steamed suppressive soil from Châteaurenard cultures of non-pathogenic fungi, especially Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium solani previously isolated from the same soil. A few days before planting, this pathogen-free suppressive soil was introduced at a rate of 8 % to a depth of 20 cm into the infested soil, after steam-treatment. This procedure gave good control of Fusarium wilt during 3 consecutive years of tomato crops by comparison with the non-treated and steam-treated controls where the disease was severe (table 1). The second method was based on the introduction of non-pathogenic Fusarium selected in laboratory tests for their ability to colonize a steam-treated soil intensively. Strains of non-pathogenic Fusarium grown in a fermenter were introduced into a steamed peat where they were multiplied by glucose amendment. After steam-treatment of the infested soil, this peat was introduced at a rate of 1 v. peat/10 v. soil. Disease incidence was considerably reduced at the end of the first year of cropping. These results indicate that competition between non-pathogenic and pathogenic Fusarium could be a mechanism for controlling Fusarium wilts. Fusarium wilts. . Les connaissances acquises au cours de l’étude de la résistance des sols de Châteaurenard ont permis d’élaborer en conditions expérimentales 2 méthodes de lutte biologique contre les fusarioses vasculaires. Après avoir obtenu de bons résultats en conditions expérimentales, l’efficacité de ces procédés a été testée dans une serre dont le sol est très infesté par Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. La première méthode consiste à mélanger à un sol préalablement traité à la chaleur une terre résistante épurée des microorganismes pathogènes qu’elle peut contenir. Alors que le traitement à la chaleur du sol infesté est insuffisant à lui seul pour assurer la protection de la culture, l’apport de 8 p. 100 en volume de terre résistante épurée a permis de protéger efficacement 5 cultures successives de tomates pendant 3 années (tabl. 1). La seconde méthode consiste à utiliser des souches de Fusarium non pathogènes sélectionnées pour leur capacité à coloniser intensément un sol traité à la chaleur. L’incorporation à ce sol de telles souches multipliées dans un substrat tourbeux a permis de diminuer fortement la gravité de la maladie. Ces résultats conduisent à étudier la dynamique des populations introduites dans les sols et indiquent que l’exploitation des relations de compétition entre Fusarium pathogènes et Fusarium non pathogènes peut déboucher sur un moyen de lutte efficace contre les fusarioses vasculaires.

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