Glycosphingolipids, which are abundant at the surface of melanoma cells, play crucial roles in tumor progression. We investigated whether a newly described glycosphingolipid hydrolase, encoded by the GBA2 gene, can modulate human melanoma cell growth and death. GBA2 expression was quantified on melanoma cells by RT-qPCR. The antiproliferative effects of GBA2 were assessed in tumor cells expressing inducible GBA2 and in established melanoma xenografts. As a control an inducible catalytically inactive GBA2 mutant was generated. Sphingolipid levels were monitored by mass spectrometry; unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis were assessed by Western blot and flow cytometry analyses, respectively. We report that GBA2 is down-regulated in melanoma; inducible expression of GBA2 affects endogenous sphingolipid metabolism by promoting glucosylceramide degradation (decrease by 78%) and ceramide generation; this is followed by a UPR that causes apoptosis, subsequent decreased anchorage-independent cell growth, and reduced in vivo tumor growth (by 40%); and all these events are abrogated when expressing a catalytically inactive GBA2. This study documents for the first time the antitumor activity of GBA2 and provides evidence for the role of nonlysosomal glucosylceramide breakdown as a source of bioactive ceramide and a mechanistic link between glycolipid catabolism and the UPR/ death response of melanoma cells.