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Highlighting discriminating functional annotations in patients' gut microbiota through Machine Learning classification applied to functional descriptions of the microbiome
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Edité par CCSD -
International audience. BackgroundUnderstanding the gut microbiota and its mechanisms has become a major point of interest in the medical field, with more and more studies correlating it to a variety of pathologies. Beyond information relative to its microbial composition, the focus is currently shifting towards the exploration of the microbiota on a mechanistic scale. Machine Learning methods have been applied to this issue, approaching the microbiome as a predictor of the subjects’ health. From these works, the micro-organisms’ functional annotations have been suggested as a promising supplement to augment the data and enhance the comprehension of the mi-crobiota as a metabolic network.MethodsIn line with this approach, we propose a new method to shift the representation of the gut microbiota from relative OTU abundances to a numeric mapping of the associated functional annotations, creating a mecha-nistic description of the microbial community. We have then explored the application of Random Forest classifiers, a classic Machine Learning approach for microbiota classification, to publicly available data converted to this new paradigm.ResultsThis approach allowed us to automatically highlight important metabolic mechanisms that characterised the differences between the microbiotas of healthy and unhealthy individuals in the context of a variety of dis-eases (IBD, Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Cirrhosis, CRC). Furthermore, we have shown that it is possible to improve classification performances after selecting these important variables, allowing for OTU and abun-dance profiles to both output equivalent metrics.DiscussionExploiting this method yields more thorough and complete results than what can be gathered through the standard approach based on finding OTUs that make a difference between classes of subjects. Though these outputs’ overall relevance should still be overviewed in light of the relevant bibliography, they could pro-vide insight on physiopathologies that could be exploited to develop or complement treatments.
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