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Assessment and management of transfer of persistent organic pollutants from soil to outdoor reared animals
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PRINT ISSN 2309-8031 - ONLINE ISSN 2310-3043 © 2021 Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Europe (SETAC Europe). International audience. Foods of animal origin are well-known contributors of human exposure to POPs due to their lipophilicity. Soil ingestion represents in this context one of the main exposure pathways of outdoor reared animals as it acts as a POPs reservoir. That would raise the question to quantify their transfer into the food these animals would produce. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to estimate the transfer of POPs into food of animal origin using i) summarizing published knowledge on POP transfer by a meta-analysis; ii) evaluate the transfer of the emerging pesticide chlordecone (CLD) using new data of an in vivo study. Finally, these outcomes are used to assess the risk and, if necessary, to manage using a remediation strategy to limit their transfer. Transfer was quantified using transfer rate (TR) for excreted milk and eggs and bioconcentration factor (BCF) for edible tissues. The most toxic compounds such as 2,3,7,8-TCDD (34% and 39%), 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (27% and 36%), 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (36% and 40%) were highly transferred into milk and eggs respectively. Dioxin-like PCBs were also shown as extremely transferred with up to 50% of TR for congeners 105, 114, 118, 153, 156, 157, 167, 180, 189 and up to 40% of TR for congeners 126, 148 and 169 in both milk and eggs. TRs of DDTs and HCHs to chicken eggs were up to 58% and up to 32% respectively. These two groups of pesticides could also accumulate in similar extent in the chicken gizzard (BCF 17 and 5), liver (BCF 15 and 16) and muscle (BCF 3 and 2). In vivo study with laying hens showed very high TRs to eggs when exposed to CLD contaminated andosol or nitisol with respectively 78% and 65% as well as BCFs in liver of 6 and 2. Amendment of contaminated soil with AC allow to decrease the transfer of CLD to chicken eggs from 65% to 45% (nitisol) and from 78% to 52% (andosol). In addition, BCF of CLD to liver reduced also from 2,4 to 1,5 (nitisol) and from 6 to 4 (andosol). POPs are generally highly transferred in food producing animals when they are raised on contaminated soils. Specific methodologies as TRs and BCFs allow to quantify and ranking risk focusing on food safety providing a relevant assessment. In this frame, it allows to derive safe levels in soil in order to sustain animal rearing practices in contaminated areas. When a management strategy is needed, an amendment of contaminated soils with sequestration materials like ACs may be investigated to reduce this POP transfer.
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