Snow cover in mountains and winter sports resorts in a France at +2.7 and +4 °C. Enneigement des massifs montagneux et stations de sports d’hiver dans une France à +2,7 et +4 °C

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François, Hugues | Samacoïts, Raphaëlle | Carmagnola, Carlo | Soubeyroux, Jean-Michel | Lafaysse, Matthieu | Morin, Samuel

Edité par CCSD ; Société météorologique de France (Météo France) -

International audience. This article summarizes the evolution of snow cover in French mountain ranges, and its consequences for ski resorts, within the framework of the French reference trajectory for adaptation, of +2.7°C and +4°C, since the pre-industrial period, in 2050 and 2100, respectively. The results show a reduction in the number of days with at least 5 cm of natural snow on the ground, varying according to mountain range and altitude. In the Northern Alps, at 1800 m elevation, the median value of around 5.5 months for the period 1976-2005 decreases by 1 month at +2.7°C and 2 months at +4°C. Without snow production, the proportion of resorts with a very high snow supply risk to ski tourism is 90% at +2.7°C, and 100% at +4°C. These values are reduced to 10% and 86% if 45% of ski pistes are covered by snowmaking facilities, with a increase in water demand for snowmaking from +50% to +70% compared to the 1976-2005 period with 30% of ski pistes covered. The study shows major differences in trends in snow conditions from one resort to another, as well as in terms of the efficiency and limits of snowmaking. . Cet article synthétise l'évolution de l'enneigement dans les massifs montagneux français et ses conséquences pour les stations de sports d'hiver, dans le cadre de la trajectoire de réchauffement de référence pour l'adaptation au changement climatique (Tracc), qui considère des niveaux de réchauffement national de +2,7 °C et de +4 °C, depuis la période préindustrielle, en 2050 et 2100, respectivement. Les résultats indiquent une diminution du nombre de jours avec au moins 5 cm de neige naturelle au sol, variable selon l'ensemble montagneux et l'altitude. Dans les Alpes du Nord, à 1 800 m d'altitude, la valeur médiane, de l'ordre de 5,5 mois pour la période 1976-2005, baisse de 1 mois à +2,7 °C et de 2 mois à +4 °C. Sans production de neige, la proportion de stations avec risque de faible enneigement très élevé est de 90 % à +2,7 °C, et de 100 % à +4 °C. Ces valeurs sont ramenées à 9 % et 73 % si 45 % des pistes sont couvertes par la production de neige, avec une hausse de la demande en eau de 50 à 70 % par rapport à la période 1976-2005 avec 30 % des pistes couvertes. L'étude montre de grandes différences d'évolution de l'enneigement d'une station à l'autre, ainsi que de l'efficacité et des limites de la production de neige. This article summarizes the evolution of snow cover in French mountain ranges, and its consequences for ski resorts, within the framework of the French reference trajectory for adaptation, of +2.7°C and +4°C, since the pre-industrial period, in 2050 and 2100, respectively. The results show a reduction in the number of days with at least 5 cm of natural snow on the ground, varying according to mountain range and altitude. In the Northern Alps, at 1800 m elevation, the median value of around 5.5 months for the period 1976-2005 decreases by 1 month at +2.7°C and 2 months at +4°C. Without snow production, the proportion of resorts with a very high snow supply risk to ski tourism is 90% at +2.7°C, and 100% at +4°C. These values are reduced to 9% and 73% if 45% of ski pistes are covered by snowmaking facilities, with a increase in water demand for snowmaking from +50% to +70% compared to the 1976-2005 period with 30% of ski pistes covered. The study shows major differences in trends in snow conditions from one resort to another, as well as in terms of the efficiency and limits of snowmaking.

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