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Micellisation and immunoreactivities of dimeric beta-caseins
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International audience. Bovine β-casein (β-CN) is a highly amphiphilic micellising phospho-protein showing chaperone-like activity 24 in vitro. Recently, existence of multiple sequential epitopes on β-CN polypeptide chain in both hydrophilic– 25 polar (ψ) and hydrophobic–apolar domains (φ) has been evidenced. In order to clarify specific contribution 26 of polar and apolar domains in micellisation process and in shaping immunoreactivity of β-CN, its dimeric/ 27 bi-amphiphilic “quasi palindromic” forms covalently connected by a disulfide bond linking either N-terminal 28 (C4 β-CND) or C-terminal domain (C208 β-CND) were produced and studied. Depending on the C- or N- 29 terminal position of inserted cysteine, each dimeric β-CN contains one polar/apolar region at the centre and 30 two external hydrophobic/hydrophilic ends. Consequently, such casein dimers have radically different 31 polarities/hydrophobicities on their outside surfaces. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicate 32 that these dimeric casein molecules form micelles of different sizes depending on arrangement of polar 33 fragments of the β-CN mutants in their constrained dimers. Non-aggregated dimers have different 34 hydrodynamic diameters that could be explained by their different geometries. Measurements of 35 fluorescence showed more hydrophobic environment of Trp residues of C208 β-CND, while in similar 36 experimental conditions Trp residues of C4 β-CND and native β-CN were more exposed to the polar medium. 37 Both fluorescence and DLS studies showed greater propensity for micellisation of the dimeric β-CNs, 38 suggesting that the factors inducing the formation of micelles are stronger in the bi-amphiphilic dimers. 1-39 Anilino-naphthalene-8-sulfonate (ANS) binding studies showed different binding of ANS by these dimers as 40 well as different exposition of ANS binding (hydrophobic) regions in the micellar states. The differences in 41 fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) profiles of C4 β-CND and C208 β-CND can be explained by 42 differences of distances and/or by differences of relative orientations of the donor (Trp) and acceptor (ANS), 43 as well as by differences in quenching properties of the disulfide bridges and intra-molecular hydrophobic 44 interactions. The immunoreactivity assays showed somewhat lower IgE response to C208 β-CND than to C4 45 β-CND. Thus, dimerization of C208 β-CN, connecting two C-terminal hydrophobic domains of two monomers 46 doubling long-range hydrophobic interactions, possibly may hide a part of epitopes in the hydrophobic 47 interface/core of C208 β-CND that is consistent with the results of DLS and fluorescence studies. The 48 obtained results indicate structural differences of dimers – possibly the formation of Y- and U-shaped 49 structures for C208 β-CND and C4 β-CND, respectively. This study not only demonstrated the importance of 50 the organization of polar and hydrophobic regions during micellisation of the constrained and oriented β-CN 51 dimers but also confirmed a possible role of C-terminal hydrophobic domain in the immunoreactivity profile 52 of native β-CN.
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