Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism
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Spanu, Pietro D | Abbott, James C | Amselem, Joelle, J. | Burgis, Timothy A. | Soanes, Darren M | Stueber, Kurt | van Themaat, Emiel Ver Loren | Brown, James K.M | Butcher, Sarah A | Gurr, Sarah J | Lebrun, Marc-Henri, M.-H. | Ridout, Christopher J | Schulze-Lefert, Paul | Talbot, Nicolas J. | Ahmadinejad, Nahal | Ametz, Christian | Barton, Geraint R | Benjdia, Mariam | Bidzinski, Przemyslaw | Bindschedler, Laurence V | Both, Maike | Brewer, Marin T | Cadle-Davidson, Lance | Cadle-Davidson, Molly M | Collemare, Jérôme | Cramer, Raimer | Frenkel, Omer | Godfrey, Dale | Harriman, James J. | Hoede, Claire | King, Brian C. | Klages, Sven | Kleemann, Jochen) | Knoll, Daniela | Kotis, Prasanna S | Kreplak, Jonathan, J. | Lopez-Ruiz, Francisco J | Lu, Xunli | Maekawa, Takaki | Mahanil, Siraprapa | Micali, Cristina | Milgroom, Michael G | Montana, Giovanni | Noir, Sandra | O'Connell, Richard | Oberhaensli, Simone | Parlange, Francis | Pedersen, Carsten | Quesneville, Hadi | Reinhardt, Richard | Rott, Matthias | Sacristán, Soledad | Schmidt, Sarah M | Schoen, Moritz | Skamnioti, Pari | Sommer, Hans | Stephens, Amber | Takahara, Hiroyuki | Thordal-Christensen, Hans | Vigouroux, Marielle | Wessling, Ralf | Wicker, Thomas | Panstruga, Ralf
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CCSD ; American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) -
International audience.
Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.
