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Locked nucleic acid probe-based real-time PCR for the diagnosis of [i]Listeria monocytogenes[/i] in ruminants
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Because of its high fatality rate, listeriosis ranks among the most important infectious diseases worldwide.Although ruminants are known as natural reservoirs for Listeria monocytogenes and a possiblesource of human listeriosis, studies of the prevalence and risk factors associated with ruminant listeriosisare limited to some developed countries. Therefore, this report describes the development of a real-timePCR targeting the hly gene for the absolute quantification of L. monocytogenes based on circular and linearDNA standards. Results show that the PCR that uses circular plasmid as a template gave a 2.6e7.89greater threshold cycle number than did equimolar linear standards. No cross-amplification wasobserved when bacteria commonly found in bovine and ovine diseases were tested. The PCR achievedgood intra and inter-run reproducibility and a detection limit of 6.1 copies of linear plasmid per reaction.This PCR was then applied to 1134 samples taken from 378 Tunisian ruminants. Based on the testsensitivity (90%) and specificity (100%), the true individual animal prevalence of listeriosis was 5.7% incattle and 10.2% in sheep. In addition, the true herd-level prevalence was 50.1% in cattle and 26.7% insheep. A multivariable logistic regression analysis at the animal-population level indicated that for cattle,the variables strata and mastitis were important risk factors, whereas for sheep, the variables strata, ageand abortion were found to be associated with listeriosis. At the herd level, risk factors for Listeria testpositivitythey were: abortion, herd composition and silage storage for cattle, whereas for sheep were:management system, cleaning frequency, silage storage and floor type. Animal hygiene, food quality andsanitary practices on the farm should be applied as strategies to control this pathogen in ruminant herds.
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