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Cyanobacterial symbionts diverged in the late Cretaceous towards lineage-specific nitrogen fixation factories in single-celled phytoplankton

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Cornejo-Castillo, Francisco M. | Cabello, Ana M. | Salazar, Guillem | Sánchez-Baracaldo, Patricia | Lima-Mendez, Gipsi | Hingamp, Pascal | Alberti, Adriana, A. | Sunagawa, Shinichi | Bork, Peer | de Vargas, Colomban | Raes, Jeroen | Bowler, Chris | Wincker, Patrick | Zehr, Jonathan P. | Gasol, Josep M. | Massana, Ramon | Acinas, Silvia G.

Edité par CCSD ; Nature Publishing Group -

International audience. The unicellular cyanobacterium UCYN-A, one of the major contributors to nitrogen fixation in the open ocean, lives in symbiosis with single-celled phytoplankton. UCYN-A includes several closely related lineages whose partner fidelity, genome-wide expression and time of evolutionary divergence remain to be resolved. Here we detect and distinguish UCYN-A1 and UCYN-A2 lineages in symbiosis with two distinct prymnesiophyte partners in the South Atlantic Ocean. Both symbiotic systems are lineage specific and differ in the number of UCYN-A cells involved. Our analyses infer a streamlined genome expression towards nitrogen fixation in both UCYN-A lineages. Comparative genomics reveal a strong purifying selection in UCYN-A1 and UCYN-A2 with a diversification process B91 Myr ago, in the late Cretaceous, after the low-nutrient regime period occurred during the Jurassic. These findings suggest that UCYN-A diversified in a co-evolutionary process, wherein their prym-nesiophyte partners acted as a barrier driving an allopatric speciation of extant UCYN-A lineages.

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