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Sedentary life accelerates epigenetic ageing in King penguins
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Introductory paragraph Advances in medicine and food security have contributed to an increase in human lifespan 1 . Yet, the associated rise in sedentary behaviour and in obesity 2,3 already threatens these gains 4 . Indeed, a growing body of evidence supports the central role of nutrient sensing and energy management pathways in regulating ageing rate and healthspan 5,6 , but the diversity of human lifestyles challenges our ability to identify the genetic and epigenetic drivers of this age acceleration. Here, we examine how the transition of wild King penguins to zoo husbandry can closely mimic the shift to a Western lifestyle in humans, and shed light on evolutionarily conserved epigenetic changes in responses to sedentary conditions. We show that, just like modern humans, zoo-housed King penguins experience an extended lifespan, but this comes at the cost of accelerated epigenetic ageing throughout life. This accelerated ageing is associated with differential methylation in key growth and maintenance pathways including the mTOR and PI3K/Akt networks, as well as in specific pathways of lipid-rich diet adaptation and heart-function. Our results demonstrate the deeply conserved link between sedentary behaviour and food availability on the one hand, and age acceleration on the other. Such evolutionary evidence may in turn help us to improve risk detection and, ultimately, therapeutics for lifestyle-induced age acceleration in humans 7 .
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